\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{axiom}
\begin{document}
\title{graphics}
\author{Timothy Daly}
\maketitle
\begin{abstract}
We need a method of doing GUI operations portably in Axiom.
There are various attempts at making a GUI available but few are
really cross-platform. 

Initially we attempted to use TK from lisp. This turned out to be
a huge learning curve since we needed to reproduce pre-defined screens
which already exist in Axiom. Screen configuration was very hard and
there did not appear to be a way to display graphics using the lisp
took (ltk). 

Instead, we've decided to take the long path. We use Java as our
front end and create an API which allows us to produce the required
screens. The downside is that we have to write the Java front end.
The upside is that we have complete control of the primitives.
\end{abstract}
\eject
\tableofcontents
\eject
\section{Overview}
There is a major portability issue in Axiom. The Hyperdoc and
Graphics functions are written in C and use X11 windows.
We need to be able to replace the Graphics and Hyperdoc functions 
with a more portable implementation.

Initially this was going to be a [[cygwin]] mechanism because it
implements an X11 on Windows. This fails because we eventually 
decided to use the [[Msys]] windows environment.

Next it was decided that we would use McClim, the common lisp
graphics. This fails because McClim does not yet work properly.

Next we tried to use [[ltk]] the lisp TK toolkit interface.
This fails because there does not appear to be a way to get TK
to display images.

Finally we settled on rewriting TK into Java which would make it
portable and make the code freely available since we wrote it ourselves.
Thus this is an implementation of the TK replacement code. It is intended
to run in a stand-alone lisp and communicate to the Axiom lisp image
using sockets.

In order to build this from the ground up we need to implement a display
(see the display class) and a console which would accept lisp s-expressions
and return the results. That way we can implement a stand-alone version
of the system. The console is intended to communicate to the display
over sockets. Axiom will work just like the console class and use the
same socket interface.

So for development purposes we need to be able to type a set of
s-expressions and evaluate them. This is done in several steps.

Step 0 is to implement a fixed file that contains a set of display
s-expressions and execute the fixed file.

Step 1 is to implement an all-java solution using a console to
talk to a socket connected to the display class.

Step 2 is to implement a lisp-java interface so commands can be 
typed from the console.

Step 3 is to allow Axiom to start the lisp and let the lisp drive
the display class.

We may also want to explore allowing Axiom to drive the display
class directly.
\subsection{The fixed file development step}
The idea here is to read a line from a file, evaluate the line,
and return the result. In this case we will read a line that says
<<testcase1>>=
"(W1 window make 200 200 400 400)"
"(W1 window layout borderlayout)"
"(I1 image make blueaxiom.jpg)"
"(L2 label make)"
"(L2 label image I1)"
"(P3 panel make)"
"(P3 panel layout borderlayout)"
"(P3 panel add L2 Center)"
"(W1 window add P3 Center)"
"(W1 window show)"
@
<<testcase>>=
"(W1 window make 200 200 400 400)"
"(W1 window layout borderlayout)"
"(B1 button make one)"
"(B2 button make two)"
"(L1 label make)"
"(L1 label text HYPERDOC)"
"(B3 button make three)"
"(B4 button make four)"
"(P1 panel make)"
"(P1 panel layout borderlayout)"
"(P1 panel add B1 West)"
"(P2 panel make)"
"(P2 panel layout borderlayout)"
"(P2 panel add B2 West)"
"(P2 panel add L1 Center)"
"(P2 panel add B3 East)"
"(P1 panel add P2 Center)"
"(P1 panel add B4 East)"
"(W1 window add P1 North)"
"(I1 image make blueaxiom.jpg)"
"(L2 label make)"
"(L2 label image I1)"
"(P3 panel make)"
"(P3 panel layout borderlayout)"
"(P3 panel add L2 Center)"
"(W1 window add P3 Center)"
"(W1 window show)"
@
using a java buffered stream. Next we build a [[Display]] object
and call the eval method, passing the line we read. The [[Display]]
object parses and executes the line. This causes it to build a
window, add it to the hash tble under a new key, and show it.
The key is returned as the ``name'' of the window.
\subsubsection{method readTestCase}
<<method readTestCase>>=
  public void readTestCase(String file)
  { try
    { in = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("testcase"));
      print(eval(readTestFile(in.readLine())));
      print(eval(readTestFile(in.readLine())));
      print(eval(readTestFile(in.readLine())));
    }
    catch(Exception e)
    { e.printStackTrace();
      System.exit(0);
    }
  }

@
\subsubsection{method readTestFile}
<<method readTestFile>>=
  public String readTestFile(String file)
  { return(file);
  }

@
\subsubsection{method eval}
<<method evalline>>=
  public String eval(String line)
  { String result = display.eval(line);
    return(result);
  }

@
\subsubsection{method print}
<<method print>>=
  public void print(String line)
  { System.err.println(line);
  }

@
\subsubsection{step 0 code}
<<step 0 code>>=
class testStep0
{ 
 BufferedReader in = null;
 Display display = new Display();

<<method readTestCase>>
<<method readTestFile>>
<<method evalline>>
<<method print>>
}

@
\section{graphics.lisp}
\subsection{graphics.lisp}
\subsubsection{function do-execute}
The do-execute function is a lisp-portable function to start a
separate program. We use this function to start the Java program
which is our front end.
<<function do-execute>>=
(defun do-execute (program args &optional (wt nil))
  "execute program with args a list containing the arguments passed to the 
   program if wt is non-nil, the function will wait for the execution of 
   the program to return. returns a two way stream connected to stdin/stdout 
   of the program"
 (format t "do-execute ~a ~a ~a~%" program args wt)
 (let ((fullstring program))
  (dolist (a args)
   (setf fullstring (concatenate 'string fullstring " " a)))
#+(or :ibcl :kcl :akcl :gcl :ccl)
    (let
     ((proc 
       (si::system 
         (apply #'si::string-concatenate program " " args)))))
#+:cmu 
    (let 
      ((proc 
        (run-program program args :input :stream :output :stream :wait wt)))
      (unless proc (error "Cannot create process."))
      (make-two-way-stream
       (ext:process-output proc)
       (ext:process-input proc)))
#+:clisp 
    (let 
      ((proc 
         (ext:run-program program :arguments args 
                         :input :stream :output :stream :wait t)))
       (unless proc (error "Cannot create process."))
       proc)
#+:sbcl 
    (let 
      ((proc 
        (sb-ext:run-program program args :input :stream 
                            :output :stream :wait wt)))
        (unless proc (error "Cannot create process."))
        (make-two-way-stream 
         (process-output proc)              
         (process-input proc)))
#+:lispworks 
    (system:open-pipe fullstring :direction :io)
#+:allegro 
    (let 
      ((proc (excl:run-shell-command
                         (apply #'vector program program args)
                         :input :stream :output :stream :wait wt)))
      (unless proc (error "Cannot create process."))
      proc)
#+:ecl
    (ext:run-program program args :input :stream :output :stream
                                  :error :output)
#+:openmcl 
    (let 
     ((proc (ccl:run-program program args :input
                             :stream :output :stream :wait wt)))
     (unless proc (error "Cannot create process."))
     (make-two-way-stream
      (ccl:external-process-output-stream proc)
      (ccl:external-process-input-stream proc)))))

@
\subsubsection{open-socket}
<<function open-socket>>=
(deftype socket ()
  #+abcl 'to-way-stream
  #+allegro 'excl::socket-stream
  #+clisp 'stream
  #+(or cmu scl) 'sys:fd-stream
  #+gcl 'stream
  #+lispworks 'comm:socket-stream
  #+openmcl 'ccl::socket
  #+(and sbcl db-sockets) 'sb-sys:fd-stream
  #+(and sbcl net.sbcl.sockets) 'net.sbcl.sockets:stream-socket
  #-(or abcl allegro clisp cmu gcl lispworks openmcl
	(and sbcl (or db-sockets net.sbcl.sockets)) scl) 'stream)

(defun open-socket (host port &optional bin)
  "Open a socket connection to HOST at PORT."
  (declare (type (or integer string) host) (fixnum port) (type boolean bin))
  (let ((host (etypecase host
                (string host)
                (integer (hostent-name (resolve-host-ipaddr host))))))
    #+abcl (ext:get-socket-stream
            (sys:make-socket host port)
            :element-type (if bin '(unsigned-byte 8) 'character))
    #+allegro (socket:make-socket :remote-host host :remote-port port
                                  :format (if bin :binary :text))
    #+clisp (#+lisp=cl ext:socket-connect #-lisp=cl lisp:socket-connect
                       port host :element-type
                       (if bin '(unsigned-byte 8) 'character))
    #+(or cmu scl)
    (sys:make-fd-stream (ext:connect-to-inet-socket host port)
                        :buffering (if bin :full :line)
                        :input t :output t :element-type
                        (if bin '(unsigned-byte 8) 'character))
    #+gcl (si:socket port :host host)
    #+lispworks (comm:open-tcp-stream host port :direction :io :element-type
                                      (if bin 'unsigned-byte 'base-char))
    #+mcl (ccl:make-socket :remote-host host :remote-port port
                           :format (if binary-p :binary :text))
    #+(and sbcl db-sockets)
    (let ((socket (make-instance 'sockets:inet-socket
                                 :type :stream :protocol :tcp)))
      (sockets:socket-connect socket
                              (sockets::host-ent-address
                               (sockets:get-host-by-name host))
                              port)
      (sockets:socket-make-stream
       socket :input t :output t :buffering (if bin :none :line)
       :element-type (if bin '(unsigned-byte 8) 'character)))
    #+(and sbcl net.sbcl.sockets)
    (net.sbcl.sockets:make-socket
     (if bin
         'net.sbcl.sockets:binary-stream-socket
         'net.sbcl.sockets:character-stream-socket)
     :port port :host host)
    #-(or abcl allegro clisp cmu gcl lispworks mcl
          (and sbcl (or net.sbcl.sockets db-sockets)) scl)
    (error 'not-implemented :proc (list 'open-socket host port bin))))

@
This is the top level graphics process. It runs in a lisp listener.
The lisp used is specified by the [[${LISP}]] variable in the
Makefile.
\subsubsection{graphics.lisp}
<<graphics.lisp>>=
<<function do-execute>>
<<function open-socket>>

(defun testcase ()
 (mapcar #'send '(
<<testcase>>
  )))

(defun send (sexpr)
 (format *socket* "~a~%" sexpr))

(defun telnet (host port fn)
 (format t "~a~%" (setq *socket* (open-socket "127.0.0.1" 14000)))
 (apply fn nil))

(defun main ()
 (format t "~%hello, world~%")
 (setq jmanconsole (do-execute "java" '("Jman" "accept" "14000")))
 (do ((result nil)) (result) 
   (princ ".") 
   (setq result (read jmanconsole nil)))
 (format t "running testcase~%")
 (telnet "127.0.0.1" 14000 #'testcase)
 (format t "goodbye, world~%")
 (bye))

(main)
@
\section{The Makefile}
This is the program we use to extract source code from this pamphlet file.
\subsection{TANGLE}
<<TANGLE>>=
TANGLE=/usr/local/bin/NOTANGLE
@
\subsection{WEAVE}
<<WEAVE>>=
WEAVE=/usr/local/bin/NOWEAVE
@
\subsection{LISP}
<<LISP>>=
LISP=/usr/local/bin/clisp
#LISP=/home/axiom--main--1--patch-30/obj/linux/bin/lisp
@
\subsection{MOVE}
This is the unix 'mv' command but can be changed for other platforms.
<<MOVE>>=
MOVE=mv
@
\subsection{ENVIRONMENT}
<<ENVIRONMENT>>=
<<TANGLE>>
<<WEAVE>>
<<LISP>>
<<MOVE>>
@
<<*>>=
<<ENVIRONMENT>>

all: graphics.dvi graphics.lisp testcase
	@echo starting
	@ echo '(progn (load "graphics.lisp") (graphics))' | ${LISP}

remake: 
	@echo regenerate Makefile 
	@${TANGLE} -t8 graphics.pamphlet >makefile
	@${MOVE} makefile Makefile.graphics

axiom.sty: graphics.pamphlet
	@echo making axiom.sty from graphics.pamphlet
	@${TANGLE} -Raxiom.sty graphics.pamphlet >axiom.sty

graphics.lisp: graphics.pamphlet
	@echo making graphics.lisp from graphics.pamhlet
	@${TANGLE} -Rgraphics.lisp graphics.pamphlet >graphics.lisp

testcase: graphics.pamphlet
	@echo making testcase from graphics.pamhlet
	@${TANGLE} -Rtestcase graphics.pamphlet >testcase

graphics.dvi: axiom.sty graphics.pamphlet
	@echo making graphics.dvi from graphics.pamphlet
	@${WEAVE} -delay graphics.pamphlet >graphics.tex
	@latex graphics.tex
	@latex graphics.tex
	@rm -f graphics.aux
	@rm -f graphics.tex
	@rm -f graphics.toc
	@rm -f graphics.log

clean:
	@rm -f *~
	@rm -f *.class
	@rm -f axiom.sty
	@rm -f testcase
	@rm -f Graphics.log
	@rm -f graphics.lisp
	@rm -f Graphics.ini
	@rm -f Graphics.java
	@rm -f Ear.java
@
\section{The Axiom Style file -- axiom.sty}
<<axiom.sty>>=
% axiom.sty -- LaTeX support for noweb
{\obeyspaces\AtBeginDocument{\global\let =\ }} % from texbook, p 381
\def\nwopt@nomargintag{\let\nwmargintag=\@gobble}
\def\nwopt@margintag{%
  \def\nwmargintag##1{\leavevmode\llap{##1\kern\nwmarginglue\kern\codemargin}}}
\def\nwopt@margintag{%
  \def\nwmargintag##1{\leavevmode\kern-\codemargin\nwthemargintag{##1}\kern\codemargin}}
\def\nwthemargintag#1{\llap{#1\kern\nwmarginglue}}
\nwopt@margintag
\newdimen\nwmarginglue
\nwmarginglue=0.3in
\def\nwtagstyle{\footnotesize\Rm}
% make \hsize in code sufficient for 88 columns
\setbox0=\hbox{\tt m}
\newdimen\codehsize
\codehsize=91\wd0 % 88 columns wasn't enough; I don't know why
\newdimen\codemargin
\codemargin=0pt
\newdimen\nwdefspace
\nwdefspace=\codehsize
% need to use \textwidth in {\LaTeX} to handle styles with
% non-standard margins (David Bruce).  Don't know why we sometimes
% wanted \hsize.  27 August 1997.
%% \advance\nwdefspace by -\hsize\relax
\ifx\textwidth\undefined
  \advance\nwdefspace by -\hsize\relax
\else
  \advance\nwdefspace by -\textwidth\relax
\fi
\chardef\other=12
\def\setupcode{%
  \chardef\\=`\\
  \chardef\{=`\{
  \chardef\}=`\}
  \catcode`\$=\other
  \catcode`\&=\other
  \catcode`\#=\other
  \catcode`\%=\other
  \catcode`\~=\other
  \catcode`\_=\other
  \catcode`\^=\other
  \catcode`\"=\other    % fixes problem with german.sty
  \obeyspaces\Tt
}
\let\nwlbrace=\{
\let\nwrbrace=\}
\def\nwendquote{\relax\ifhmode\spacefactor=1000 \fi}
{\catcode`\^^M=\active % make CR an active character
  \gdef\newlines{\catcode`\^^M=\active % make CR an active character
         \def^^M{\par\startline}}%
  \gdef\eatline#1^^M{\relax}%
}
%%% DON'T   \gdef^^M{\par\startline}}% in case ^^M appears in a \write
\def\startline{\noindent\hskip\parindent\ignorespaces}
\def\nwnewline{\ifvmode\else\hfil\break\leavevmode\hbox{}\fi}
\def\setupmodname{%
  \catcode`\$=3
  \catcode`\&=4
  \catcode`\#=6
  \catcode`\%=14
  \catcode`\~=13
  \catcode`\_=8
  \catcode`\^=7
  \catcode`\ =10
  \catcode`\^^M=5
  \let\{\nwlbrace
  \let\}\nwrbrace
  % bad news --- don't know what catcode to give "
  \Rm}
\def\LA{\begingroup\maybehbox\bgroup\setupmodname\It$\langle$}
\def\RA{\/$\rangle$\egroup\endgroup}
\def\code{\leavevmode\begingroup\setupcode\newlines}
\def\edoc{\endgroup}
\let\maybehbox\relax
\newbox\equivbox
\setbox\equivbox=\hbox{$\equiv$}
\newbox\plusequivbox
\setbox\plusequivbox=\hbox{$\mathord{+}\mathord{\equiv}$}
% \moddef can't have an argument because there might be \code...\edoc
\def\moddef{\leavevmode\kern-\codemargin\LA}
\def\endmoddef{\RA\ifmmode\equiv\else\unhcopy\equivbox\fi
               \nobreak\hfill\nobreak}
\def\plusendmoddef{\RA\ifmmode\mathord{+}\mathord{\equiv}\else\unhcopy\plusequivbox\fi
               \nobreak\hfill\nobreak}
\def\chunklist{%
\errhelp{I changed \chunklist to \nowebchunks.  
I'll try to avoid such incompatible changes in the future.}%
\errmessage{Use \string\nowebchunks\space instead of \string\chunklist}}
\def\nowebchunks{\message{<Warning: You need noweave -x to use \string\nowebchunks>}}
\def\nowebindex{\message{<Warning: You need noweave -index to use \string\nowebindex>}}
% here is support for the new-style (capitalized) font-changing commands
% thanks to Dave Love
\ifx\documentstyle\undefined
  \let\Rm=\rm \let\It=\it \let\Tt=\tt       % plain
\else\ifx\selectfont\undefined
  \let\Rm=\rm \let\It=\it \let\Tt=\tt       % LaTeX OFSS
\else                                       % LaTeX NFSS
  \def\Rm{\reset@font\rm}
  \def\It{\reset@font\it}
  \def\Tt{\reset@font\tt}
  \def\Bf{\reset@font\bf}
\fi\fi
\ifx\reset@font\undefined \let\reset@font=\relax \fi
\def\noweboptions#1{%
  \def\@nwoptionlist{#1}%
  \@for\@nwoption:=\@nwoptionlist\do{%
    \@ifundefined{nwopt@\@nwoption}{%
        \@latexerr{There is no such noweb option as '\@nwoption'}\@eha}{%
        \csname nwopt@\@nwoption\endcsname}}}
\codemargin=10pt
\advance\codehsize by \codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
\advance\nwdefspace by \codemargin      % and fix adjustment for def/use
\def\setcodemargin#1{%
  \advance\codehsize by -\codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
  \advance\nwdefspace by -\codemargin   % and fix adjustment for def/use
  \codemargin=#1
  \advance\codehsize by \codemargin       % make room for indentation of code
  \advance\nwdefspace by \codemargin    % and fix adjustment for
                                        % def/use
}
\def\nwopt@shift{%
  \dimen@=-0.8in
  \if@twoside                 % Values for two-sided printing:
     \advance\evensidemargin by \dimen@
  \else                       % Values for one-sided printing:
     \advance\evensidemargin by \dimen@
     \advance\oddsidemargin by \dimen@
  \fi
%  \advance \marginparwidth -\dimen@
}
\let\nwopt@noshift\@empty
\def\nwbegincode#1{%
  \begingroup
    \topsep \nwcodetopsep
    \@beginparpenalty \@highpenalty
    \@endparpenalty -\@highpenalty
  \@begincode }
\def\nwendcode{\endtrivlist \endgroup \filbreak} % keeps code on 1 page

\newenvironment{webcode}{%
  \@begincode
}{%
  \endtrivlist}
\def\@begincode{%
    \trivlist \item[]%
    \leftskip\@totalleftmargin \advance\leftskip\codemargin
    \rightskip\hsize \advance\rightskip -\codehsize
    \parskip\z@ \parindent\z@ \parfillskip\@flushglue
  \linewidth\codehsize
    \@@par
    \def\par{\leavevmode\null \@@par \penalty\nwcodepenalty}%
    \obeylines
    \@noligs   \ifx\verbatim@nolig@list\undefined\else
                 \let\do=\nw@makeother \verbatim@nolig@list \do@noligs\`
               \fi
    \setupcode \frenchspacing \@vobeyspaces
  \nowebsize \setupcode
  \let\maybehbox\mbox }
  \newskip\nwcodetopsep \nwcodetopsep = 3pt plus 1.2pt minus 1pt
  \let\nowebsize=\normalsize
  \def\nwopt@tinycode{\let\nowebsize=\tiny}
  \def\nwopt@footnotesizecode{\let\nowebsize=\footnotesize}
  \def\nwopt@scriptsizecode{\let\nowebsize=\scriptsize}
  \def\nwopt@smallcode{\let\nowebsize=\small}
  \def\nwopt@normalsizecode{\let\nowebsize=\normalsize}
  \def\nwopt@largecode{\let\nowebsize=\large}
  \def\nwopt@Largecode{\let\nowebsize=\Large}
  \def\nwopt@LARGEcode{\let\nowebsize=\LARGE}
  \def\nwopt@hugecode{\let\nowebsize=\huge}
  \def\nwopt@Hugecode{\let\nowebsize=\Huge}
\newcount\nwcodepenalty  \nwcodepenalty=\@highpenalty
\def\nw@makeother#1{\catcode`#1=12 }
\def\nwbegindocs#1{\ifvmode\noindent\fi}
\let\nwenddocs=\relax
\let\nwdocspar=\filbreak
\raggedbottom
\def\code{\leavevmode\begingroup\setupcode\@vobeyspaces\obeylines}
\let\edoc=\endgroup
\newdimen\@original@textwidth
\def\ps@noweb{%
  \@original@textwidth=\textwidth
  \let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
  \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%       No feet.
  \if@twoside         % If two-sided printing.
    \def\@evenhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
           \Rm \thepage\qquad{\Tt\leftmark}\hfil\today}}%        Left heading.
    \def\@oddhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
           \Rm \today\hfil{\Tt\leftmark}\qquad\thepage}}% Right heading.
  \else               % If one-sided printing.
    \def\@oddhead{\hbox to \@original@textwidth{%
           \Rm \today\hfil{\Tt\leftmark}\qquad\thepage}}% Right heading.
    \let\@evenhead\@oddhead
  \fi
  \let\chaptermark\@gobble
  \let\sectionmark\@gobble
  \let\subsectionmark\@gobble
  \let\subsubsectionmark\@gobble
  \let\paragraphmark\@gobble
  \let\subparagraphmark\@gobble
  \def\nwfilename{\begingroup\let\do\@makeother\dospecials
                \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \nw@filename}
  \def\nw@filename##1{\endgroup\markboth{##1}{##1}\let\nw@filename=\nw@laterfilename}%
}
\def\nw@laterfilename#1{\endgroup\clearpage \markboth{#1}{#1}}
\let\nwfilename=\@gobble
\def\nwcodecomment#1{\@@par\penalty\nwcodepenalty
    \if@firstnwcodecomment
      \vskip\nwcodecommentsep\penalty\nwcodepenalty\@firstnwcodecommentfalse
    \fi%
    \hspace{-\codemargin}{%
        \rightskip=0pt plus1in
        \interlinepenalty\nwcodepenalty
        \let\\\relax\footnotesize\Rm #1\@@par\penalty\nwcodepenalty}}
\def\@nwalsodefined#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepdef\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{#1}.}}
\def\@nwused#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepcud\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{#1}.}}
\def\@nwnotused#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdeprtc.}}
\def\nwoutput#1{\nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepcwf\ {\Tt \@stripstar#1*\stripped}.}}
\def\@stripstar#1*#2\stripped{#1}
\newcommand{\nwprevdefptr}[1]{%
  \mbox{$\mathord{\triangleleft}\,\mathord{\mbox{\subpageref{#1}}}$}}
\newcommand{\nwnextdefptr}[1]{%
  \mbox{$\mathord{\mbox{\subpageref{#1}}}\,\mathord{\triangleright}$}}

\newcommand{\@nwprevnextdefs}[2]{%
  {\nwtagstyle
  \ifx\relax#1\else ~~\nwprevdefptr{#1}\fi
  \ifx\relax#2\else ~~\nwnextdefptr{#2}\fi}}
\newcommand{\@nwusesondefline}[1]{{\nwtagstyle~~(\@pagenumsl{#1})}}
\newcommand{\@nwstartdeflinemarkup}{\nobreak\hskip 1.5em plus 1fill\nobreak}
\newcommand{\@nwenddeflinemarkup}{\nobreak\hskip \nwdefspace minus\nwdefspace\nobreak}
\def\nwopt@longxref{%
  \let\nwalsodefined\@nwalsodefined
  \let\nwused\@nwused
  \let\nwnotused\@nwnotused
  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@gobbletwo
  \let\nwusesondefline\@gobble
  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\relax
  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\relax
}
\def\nwopt@shortxref{%
  \let\nwalsodefined\@gobble
  \let\nwused\@gobble
  \let\nwnotused\@gobble
  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@nwprevnextdefs
  \let\nwusesondefline\@nwusesondefline
  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\@nwstartdeflinemarkup
  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\@nwenddeflinemarkup
}
\def\nwopt@noxref{%
  \let\nwalsodefined\@gobble
  \let\nwused\@gobble
  \let\nwnotused\@gobble
  \let\nwprevnextdefs\@gobbletwo
  \let\nwusesondefline\@gobble
  \let\nwstartdeflinemarkup\relax
  \let\nwenddeflinemarkup\relax
}
\nwopt@shortxref % to hell with backward compatibility!
\newskip\nwcodecommentsep \nwcodecommentsep=3pt plus 1pt minus 1pt
\newif\if@firstnwcodecomment\@firstnwcodecommenttrue
\newcount\@nwlopage\newcount\@nwhipage  % range lo..hi-1
\newcount\@nwlosub              % subpage of lo
\newcount\@nwhisub              % subpage of hi
\def\@nwfirstpage#1#2#3{% subpage page xref-tag
  \@nwlopage=#2 \@nwlosub=#1
  \def\@nwloxreftag{#3}%
  \advance\@nwpagecount by \@ne
  \@nwhipage=\@nwlopage\advance\@nwhipage by \@ne }
\def\@nwnextpage#1#2#3{% subpage page xref-tag
  \ifnum\@nwhipage=#2 
    \advance\@nwhipage by \@ne 
    \advance\@nwpagecount by \@ne
    \@nwhisub=#1 
    \def\@nwhixreftag{#3}\else
  \ifnum#2<\@nwlopage \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
                      \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
                           \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
                      \else
                        \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
                        \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
                            \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                                          \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                                              {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
                        \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                                \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
                                \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                                  \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
                                  \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
                                  \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                                    \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                                    \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                                    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                                  \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                                  \fi
                                \fi
                              \fi%
                        \fi
                      \fi%
                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\@nwfirstpage{#1}{#2}{#3}\else
  \ifnum#2>\@nwhipage \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
                      \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
                           \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
                      \else
                        \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
                        \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
                            \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                              {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                                          \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                             {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                                              {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
                        \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                                \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
                                \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                                  \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
                                  \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
                                  \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                                    \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                                    \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                                    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                                  \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                                  \fi
                                \fi
                              \fi%
                        \fi
                      \fi%
                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\@nwfirstpage{#1}{#2}{#3}\else
    \@nwlosub=0 \@nwhisub=0
  \fi\fi\fi
  }
\newcount\@nwpagetemp
\newcount\@nwpagecount
\def\@nwfirstpagel#1{% label
  \@ifundefined{r@#1}{\@warning{Reference `#1' on page \thepage \space undefined}%
                      \nwix@cons\nw@pages{\\{\bf ??}}}{%
    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwfirstpage\subpagepair{#1}{#1}}\@tempa}}
\def\@nwnextpagel#1{% label
  \@ifundefined{r@#1}{\@warning{Reference `#1' on page \thepage \space undefined}%
                      \nwix@cons\nw@pages{\\{\bf ??}}}{%
    \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwnextpage\subpagepair{#1}{#1}}\@tempa}}
\def\@pagesl#1{%  list of labels
  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
  \def\\##1{\@nwfirstpagel{##1}\let\\=\@nwnextpagel}#1%
  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
  \else
    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \fi
            \fi
          \fi%
    \fi
  \fi%
  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\def\\##1{\@nwhyperpagenum##1}%
  \ifnum\@nwpagecount=1 \nwpageword \else \nwpagesword\fi~\commafy{\nw@pages}}
\def\@nwhyperpagenum#1#2{\nwhyperreference{#2}{#1}}

\def\@pagenumsl#1{%  list of labels -- doesn't include word `pages', commas, or `and'
  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
  \def\\##1{\@nwfirstpagel{##1}\let\\=\@nwnextpagel}#1%
  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
  \else
    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \fi
            \fi
          \fi%
    \fi
  \fi%
  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa%
  \def\\##1{\@nwhyperpagenum##1\let\\=\@nwpagenumslrest}\nw@pages}
\def\@nwpagenumslrest#1{~\@nwhyperpagenum#1}
\def\subpages#1{% list of {{subpage}{page}}
  \gdef\nw@pages{}\@nwpagecount=0
  \def\\##1{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwfirstpage##1{}}\@tempa
            \def\\####1{\edef\@tempa{\noexpand\@nwnextpage####1}\@tempa}}#1%
  \advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
  \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
  \else
    \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
    \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
        \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                          {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                      \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                         {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                          {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
    \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
            \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
            \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
              \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
              \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
              \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
              \fi
            \fi
          \fi%
    \fi
  \fi%
  \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa\def\\##1{\@firstoftwo##1}%
  \ifnum\@nwpagecount=1 \nwpageword \else \nwpagesword\fi~\commafy{\nw@pages}}
\def\@nwaddrange{\advance\@nwhipage by \m@ne
                 \ifnum\@nwhipage=\@nwlopage
                      \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                         {\@nwloxreftag}}}%
                 \else
                   \count@=\@nwhipage \advance\count@ by \m@ne
                   \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage % consecutive pages
                       \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwlosub}{\number\@nwlopage}}%
                                         {\@nwloxreftag}}%
                                     \noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\%
                                        {{\nwthepagenum{\number\@nwhisub}{\number\@nwhipage}}
                                         {\@nwhixreftag}}}%
                   \else \ifnum\@nwlopage<110 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                           \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100 \multiply\count@ by 100
                           \ifnum\count@=\@nwlopage \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}\else
                             \count@=\@nwlopage \divide\count@ by 100
                             \@nwpagetemp=\@nwhipage \divide\@nwpagetemp by 100
                             \ifnum\count@=\@nwpagetemp %  lo--least 2 digits of hi
                               \multiply\@nwpagetemp by 100
                               \advance \@nwhipage by -\@nwpagetemp
                               \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                             \else \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand\\{{\number\@nwlopage--\number\@nwhipage}{}}}%
                             \fi
                           \fi
                         \fi%
                   \fi
                 \fi%
                 \edef\@tempa{\noexpand\nwix@cons\noexpand\nw@pages{\@tempa}}\@tempa}
\def\nwpageword{\@nwlangdepchk}  % chunk, was page
\def\nwpagesword{\@nwlangdepchks}  % chunk, was page
\def\nwpageprep{\@nwlangdepin}     % in, was on
\newcommand\nw@genericref[2]{% what to do, name of ref
  \expandafter\nw@g@nericref\csname r@#2\endcsname#1{#2}}
\newcommand\nw@g@nericref[3]{% control sequence, what to do, name
  \ifx#1\relax
    \ref{#3}% trigger the standard `undefined ref' mechanisms
  \else
    \expandafter#2#1.\\%
  \fi}
\def\nw@selectone#1#2#3\\{#1}
\def\nw@selecttwo#1#2#3\\{#2}
\def\nw@selectonetwo#1#2#3\\{{#1}{#2}}
\newcommand{\subpageref}[1]{%
  \nwhyperreference{#1}{\nw@genericref\@subpageref{#1}}}
\def\@subpageref#1#2#3\\{%
  \@ifundefined{2on#2}{#2}{\nwthepagenum{#1}{#2}}}
\newcommand{\subpagepair}[1]{%  % produces {subpage}{page}
  \@ifundefined{r@#1}%
    {{0}{0}}%
    {\nw@genericref\@subpagepair{#1}}}
\def\@subpagepair#1#2#3\\{%
  \@ifundefined{2on#2}{{0}{#2}}{{#1}{#2}}}
\newcommand{\sublabel}[1]{%
  \@bsphack
  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%
  \if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
      \newsublabel{#1}{{}{\thepage}}}}%
   \expandafter}\@tempa
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
\newcommand{\nosublabel}[1]{%
  \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
      \newlabel{#1}{{0}{\thepage}}}}%
   \expandafter}\@tempa
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
\newcommand\newsublabel{%
  \nw@settrailers
  \global\let\newsublabel\@newsublabel
  \@newsublabel}
\newcommand{\@newsublabel}[2]{%
  \edef\this@page{\@cdr#2\@nil}%
  \ifx\this@page\last@page\else
    \sub@page=\z@
  \fi
  \edef\last@page{\this@page}
  \advance\sub@page by \@ne
  \ifnum\sub@page=\tw@
    \global\@namedef{2on\this@page}{}%
  \fi
  \pendingsublabel{#1}%
  \edef\@tempa##1{\noexpand\newlabel{##1}%
    {{\number\sub@page}{\this@page}\nw@labeltrailers}}%
  \pending@sublabels
  \def\pending@sublabels{}}
\newcommand\nw@settrailers{% -- won't work on first run
  \@ifpackageloaded{nameref}%
     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{{}{}{}}}%
     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{}}}
\renewcommand\nw@settrailers{% 
  \@ifundefined{@secondoffive}%
     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{}}%
     {\gdef\nw@labeltrailers{{}{}{}}}}
\newcommand{\nextchunklabel}[1]{%
  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%   % looks slightly bogus --- nr
  \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
      \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string\pendingsublabel{#1}}}%
      \expandafter}\@tempa
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
\newcommand\pendingsublabel[1]{%
  \def\@tempa{\noexpand\@tempa}%
  \edef\pending@sublabels{\noexpand\@tempa{#1}\pending@sublabels}}
\def\pending@sublabels{}
\def\last@page{\relax}
\newcount\sub@page
\def\@alphasubpagenum#1#2{#2\ifnum#1=0 \else\@alph{#1}\fi}
\def\@nosubpagenum#1#2{#2}
\def\@numsubpagenum#1#2{#2\ifnum#1=0 \else.\@arabic{#1}\fi}
\def\nwopt@nosubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@nosubpagenum\nwopt@nomargintag}
\def\nwopt@numsubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@numsubpagenum}
\def\nwopt@alphasubpage{\let\nwthepagenum=\@alphasubpagenum}
\nwopt@alphasubpage
\newcount\@nwalph@n
\let\@nwalph@d\@tempcnta
\let\@nwalph@bound\@tempcntb
\def\@nwlongalph#1{{%
  \@nwalph@n=#1\advance\@nwalph@n by-1
  \@nwalph@bound=26
  \loop\ifnum\@nwalph@n<\@nwalph@bound\else
     \advance\@nwalph@n by -\@nwalph@bound
     \multiply\@nwalph@bound by 26
  \repeat
  \loop\ifnum\@nwalph@bound>1
    \divide\@nwalph@bound by 26
    \@nwalph@d=\@nwalph@n\divide\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
    % d := d * bound ; n -:= d; d := d / bound --- saves a temporary
    \multiply\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
    \advance\@nwalph@n by -\@nwalph@d
    \divide\@nwalph@d by \@nwalph@bound
    \advance\@nwalph@d by 1 \@alph{\@nwalph@d}%
  \repeat
}}
\newcount\nw@chunkcount
\nw@chunkcount=\@ne
\newcommand{\weblabel}[1]{%
  \@bsphack
  \nwblindhyperanchor{#1}%
  \if@filesw {\let\thepage\relax
   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string
      \newsublabel{#1}{{}{\number\nw@chunkcount}}}}%
   \expandafter}\@tempa
   \global\advance\nw@chunkcount by \@ne
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
\def\nwopt@webnumbering{%
  \let\sublabel=\weblabel
  \def\nwpageword{chunk}\def\nwpagesword{chunks}%
  \def\nwpageprep{in}}
% \nwindexdefn{printable name}{identifying label}{label of chunk}
% \nwindexuse{printable name}{identifying label}{label of chunk}

\def\nwindexdefn#1#2#3{\@auxix{\protect\nwixd}{#2}{#3}}
\def\nwindexuse#1#2#3{\@auxix{\protect\nwixu}{#2}{#3}}

\def\@auxix#1#2#3{% {marker}{id label}{subpage label}
   \@bsphack\if@filesw {\let\nwixd\relax\let\nwixu\relax
   \def\protect{\noexpand\noexpand\noexpand}%
   \edef\@tempa{\write\@auxout{\string\nwixadd{#1}{#2}{#3}}}%
   \expandafter}\@tempa
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
% \nwixadd{marker}{idlabel}{subpage label}
\def\nwixadd#1#2#3{%
  \@ifundefined{nwixl@#2}%
    {\global\@namedef{nwixl@#2}{#1{#3}}}%
    {\expandafter\nwix@cons\csname nwixl@#2\endcsname{#1{#3}}}}
\def\@nwsubscriptident#1#2{\mbox{$\mbox{#1}_{\mathrm{\subpageref{#2}}}$}}
\def\@nwnosubscriptident#1#2{#1}
\def\@nwhyperident#1#2{\leavevmode\nwhyperreference{#2}{#1}}
\def\nwopt@subscriptidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwsubscriptident
  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwsubscriptident
}
\def\nwopt@nosubscriptidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwnosubscriptident
}
\def\nwopt@hyperidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwhyperident
  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwhyperident
}
\def\nwopt@nohyperidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
  \let\nwlinkedidentc\@nwnosubscriptident
}
\def\nwopt@subscriptquotedidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwsubscriptident
}
\def\nwopt@nosubscriptquotedidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
}
\def\nwopt@hyperquotedidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwhyperident
}
\def\nwopt@nohyperquotedidents{%
  \let\nwlinkedidentq\@nwnosubscriptident
}
\nwopt@hyperidents
\newcount\@commacount
\def\commafy#1{%
  {\nwix@listcount{#1}\@commacount=\nwix@counter
   \let\@comma@each=\\%
   \ifcase\@commacount\let\\=\@comma@each\or\let\\=\@comma@each\or
     \def\\{\def\\{ \@nwlangdepand\ \@comma@each}\@comma@each}\else
     \def\\{\def\\{, %
                   \advance\@commacount by \m@ne
                   \ifnum\@commacount=1 \@nwlangdepand~\fi\@comma@each}\@comma@each}\fi
   #1}}
\def\nwix@cons#1#2{% {list}{\marker{element}}
  {\toks0=\expandafter{#1}\def\@tempa{#2}\toks2=\expandafter{\@tempa}%
   \xdef#1{\the\toks0 \the\toks2 }}}
\def\nwix@uses#1{% {label}
  \def\nwixu{\\}\let\nwixd\@gobble\@nameuse{nwixl@#1}}
\def\nwix@defs#1{% {label}
  \def\nwixd{\\}\let\nwixu\@gobble\@nameuse{nwixl@#1}}
\newcount\nwix@counter
\def\nwix@listcount#1{% {list with \\}
  {\count@=0
   \def\\##1{\advance\count@ by \@ne }%
   #1\global\nwix@counter=\count@ }}
\def\nwix@usecount#1{\nwix@listcount{\nwix@uses{#1}}}
\def\nwix@defcount#1{\nwix@listcount{\nwix@defs{#1}}}
\def\nwix@id@defs#1{% index pair
  {{\Tt \@car#1\@nil}%
  \def\\##1{~\subpageref{##1}}\nwix@defs{\@cdr#1\@nil}}}
\def\nwidentuses#1{% list of index pairs
  \nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepuss\ \let\\=\nwix@id@defs\commafy{#1}.}}
\def\nwix@totaluses#1{% list of index pairs
  {\count@=0
   \def\\##1{\nwix@usecount{\@cdr##1\@nil}\advance\count@ by\nwix@counter}%
   #1\global\nwix@counter\count@ }}
\def\nwix@id@uses#1#2{% {ident}{label}
  \nwix@usecount{#2}\ifnum\nwix@counter>0
    {\advance\leftskip by \codemargin
     \nwcodecomment{{\Tt #1}, \@nwlangdepusd\ \nwpageprep\ \@pagesl{\nwix@uses{#2}}.}}%
  \else
    \ifnw@hideunuseddefs\else
      {\advance\leftskip by \codemargin \nwcodecomment{{\Tt #1}, \@nwlangdepnvu.}}%
    \fi
  \fi}
\def\nwidentdefs#1{% list of index pairs
  \ifnw@hideunuseddefs\nwix@totaluses{#1}\else\nwix@listcount{#1}\fi
  \ifnum\nwix@counter>0
    \nwcodecomment{\@nwlangdepdfs:}%
    {\def\\##1{\nwix@id@uses ##1}#1}%
  \fi}
\newif\ifnw@hideunuseddefs\nw@hideunuseddefsfalse
\def\nwopt@hideunuseddefs{\nw@hideunuseddefstrue}
\def\nwopt@noidentxref{%
  \let\nwidentdefs\@gobble
  \let\nwidentuses\@gobble}
\def\nw@underlinedefs{% {list with \nwixd, \nwixu}
  \let\\=\relax\def\nw@comma{, }
  \def\nwixd##1{\\\underline{\subpageref{##1}}\let\\\nw@comma}%
  \def\nwixu##1{\\\subpageref{##1}\let\\\nw@comma}}

\def\nw@indexline#1#2{%
   {\indent {\Tt #1}: \nw@underlinedefs\@nameuse{nwixl@#2}\par}}

\newenvironment{thenowebindex}{\parindent=-10pt \parskip=\z@ 
        \advance\leftskip by 10pt 
        \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus1in\par\@afterindenttrue
    \def\\##1{\nw@indexline##1}}{}
\def\nowebindex{%
  \@ifundefined{nwixs@i}%
     {\@warning{The \string\nowebindex\space is empty}}%
     {\begin{thenowebindex}\@nameuse{nwixs@i}\end{thenowebindex}}}
\def\nowebindex@external{%
  {\let\nwixadds@c=\@gobble
   \def\nwixadds@i##1{\nw@indexline##1}%
   \def\nwixaddsx##1##2{\@nameuse{nwixadds@##1}{##2}}%
   \begin{thenowebindex}\@input{\jobname.nwi}\end{thenowebindex}}}
\def\nwixlogsorted#1#2{% list data
   \@bsphack\if@filesw 
     \toks0={#2}\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\nwixadds{#1}{\the\toks0}}
   \if@nobreak \ifvmode\nobreak\fi\fi\fi\@esphack}
\def\nwixadds#1#2{%
  \@ifundefined{nwixs@#1}%
    {\global\@namedef{nwixs@#1}{\\{#2}}}%
    {\expandafter\nwix@cons\csname nwixs@#1\endcsname{\\{#2}}}}
\let\nwixaddsx=\@gobbletwo
\def\nwopt@externalindex{%
  \ifx\nwixadds\@gobbletwo % already called
  \else
    \let\nwixaddsx=\nwixadds \let\nwixadds=\@gobbletwo
    \let\nowebindex=\nowebindex@external
    \let\nowebchunks=\nowebchunks@external
  \fi}
\def\nowebchunks{%
  \@ifundefined{nwixs@c}%
     {\@warning{The are no \string\nowebchunks}}%
     {\begin{thenowebchunks}\@nameuse{nwixs@c}\end{thenowebchunks}}}
\def\nowebchunks@external{%
  {\let\nwixadds@i=\@gobble
   \def\nwixadds@c##1{\nw@onechunk##1}%
   \def\nwixaddsx##1##2{\@nameuse{nwixadds@##1}{##2}}%
   \begin{thenowebchunks}\@input{\jobname.nwi}\end{thenowebchunks}}}
    \@namedef{r@nw@notdef}{{0}{(\@nwlangdepnvd)}}
\def\nw@chunkunderlinedefs{% {list of labels with \nwixd, \nwixu}
  \let\\=\relax\def\nw@comma{, }
  \def\nwixd##1{\\\underline{\subpageref{##1}}\let\\\nw@comma}%
  \def\nwixu##1{\\\subpageref{##1}\let\\\nw@comma}}
\def\nw@onechunk#1#2#3{% {name}{label of first definition}{list with \nwixd, \nwixu}
  \@ifundefined{r@#2}{}{%
    \indent\LA #1~{\nwtagstyle\subpageref{#2}}\RA 
    \if@nwlongchunks{~\nw@chunkunderlinedefs#3}\fi\par}}
\newenvironment{thenowebchunks}{\vskip3pt
  \parskip=\z@\parindent=-10pt \advance\leftskip by 10pt
  \advance\rightskip by 0pt plus10pt \@afterindenttrue
  \def\\##1{\nw@onechunk##1}}{}
\newif\if@nwlongchunks
\@nwlongchunksfalse
\let\nwopt@longchunks\@nwlongchunkstrue
\newcommand\@nw@hyper@ref{\hyperreference} % naras
\newcommand\@nw@hyper@anc{\blindhyperanchor} % naras
\newcommand\@nw@hyperref@ref[2]{\hyperlink{noweb.#1}{#2}}  % nr
\newcommand\@nw@hyperref@anc[1]{\hypertarget{noweb.#1}{\relax}}  % nr
%%\renewcommand\@nw@hyperref@ref[2]{{#2}}  % nr
%%\renewcommand\@nw@hyperref@anc[1]{}  % nr
\newcommand\nwhyperreference{%
  \@ifundefined{hyperlink}
    {\@ifundefined{hyperreference}
       {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@gobble}
       {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@nw@hyper@ref}}
    {\global\let\nwhyperreference\@nw@hyperref@ref}%
  \nwhyperreference
}

\newcommand\nwblindhyperanchor{%
  \@ifundefined{hyperlink}
    {\@ifundefined{hyperreference}
       {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@gobble}
       {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@nw@hyper@anc}}
    {\global\let\nwblindhyperanchor\@nw@hyperref@anc}%
  \nwblindhyperanchor
}
\newcommand\nwanchorto{%
  \begingroup\let\do\@makeother\dospecials
     \catcode`\{=1 \catcode`\}=2 \nw@anchorto}
\newcommand\nw@anchorto[1]{\endgroup\def\nw@next{#1}\nw@anchortofin}
\newcommand\nw@anchortofin[1]{#1\footnote{See URL \texttt{\nw@next}.}}
\let\nwanchorname\@gobble
\newif\ifhtml
\htmlfalse
\let\nwixident=\relax
\def\nwbackslash{\char92}
\def\nwlbrace{\char123}
\def\nwrbrace{\char125}
\def\nwopt@english{%
  \def\@nwlangdepdef{This definition is continued}%
  \def\@nwlangdepcud{This code is used}%
  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Root chunk (not used in this document)}%
  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{This code is written to file}%
  \def\@nwlangdepchk{chunk}%
  \def\@nwlangdepchks{chunks}%
  \def\@nwlangdepin{in}%
  \def\@nwlangdepand{and}%
  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Uses}%
  \def\@nwlangdepusd{used}%
  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{never used}%
  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Defines}%
  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{never defined}%
}
\let\nwopt@american\nwopt@english
\def\nwopt@portuges{%
  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Defini\c{c}\~ao continuada em}%
  % This definition is continued
  \def\@nwlangdepcud{C\'odigo usado em}%
  % This code is used
  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Fragmento de topo (sem uso no documento)}%
  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Este c\'odigo foi escrito no ficheiro}%
  % This code is written to file
  \def\@nwlangdepchk{fragmento}%
  % chunk
  \def\@nwlangdepchks{fragmentos}%
  % chunks
  \def\@nwlangdepin{no(s)}%
  % in
  \def\@nwlangdepand{e}%
  % and
  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Usa}%
  % Uses
  \def\@nwlangdepusd{usado}%
  % used
  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{nunca usado}%
  % never used
  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Define}%
  % Defines
  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{nunca definido}%
  % never defined
}
\def\nwopt@frenchb{%
  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Cette d\'efinition suit}%
  % This definition is continued
  \def\@nwlangdepcud{Ce code est employ\'e}%
  % This code is used
  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Morceau racine (pas employ\'e dans ce document)}%
  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Ce code est \'ecrit aux fichier}%
  % This code is written to file
  \def\@nwlangdepchk{le morceau}%
  % chunk
  \def\@nwlangdepchks{les morceaux}%
  % chunks
  \def\@nwlangdepin{dans}%
  % in
  \def\@nwlangdepand{et}%
  % and
  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Il emploie}%
  % Uses
  \def\@nwlangdepusd{employ\'{e}}%
  % used
  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{jamais employ\'{e}}%
  % never used
  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Il d\'{e}fine}%
  % Defines
  % Cannot use the accent here: \def\@nwlangdepnvd{jamais d\'{e}fini}%
  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{jamais defini}%
  % never defined
}
\let\nwopt@french\nwopt@frenchb
\def\nwopt@german{%
  \def\@nwlangdepdef{Diese Definition wird fortgesetzt}%
  % This definition is continued
  \def\@nwlangdepcud{Dieser Code wird benutzt}%
  % This code is used
  \def\@nwlangdeprtc{Hauptteil (nicht in diesem Dokument benutzt)}%
  % Root chunk (not used in this document)
  \def\@nwlangdepcwf{Dieser Code schreibt man zum File}%
  % This code is written to file
  \def\@nwlangdepchk{Teil}%
  % chunk
  \def\@nwlangdepchks{Teils}%
  % chunks
  \def\@nwlangdepin{im}%
  % in
  \def\@nwlangdepand{und}%
  % and
  \def\@nwlangdepuss{Benutztt}%
  % Uses
  \def\@nwlangdepusd{benutzt}%
  % used
  \def\@nwlangdepnvu{nicht benutzt}%
  % never used
  \def\@nwlangdepdfs{Definiert}%
  % Defines
  \def\@nwlangdepnvd{nicht definiert}%
  % never defined
}
\let\nwopt@ngerman\nwopt@german
\ifx\languagename\undefined % default is English
  \noweboptions{english}
\else
  \@ifundefined{nwopt@\languagename}
     {\noweboptions{english}}
     {\expandafter\noweboptions\expandafter{\languagename}}
\fi
% Final names for the system and its components were in doubt so
% Language is used throughout the book to specify what the system is named.
\newcommand{\Language}{AXIOM}

% HyperName was used to specify the name of the browser
\newcommand{\HyperName}{HyperDoc}

% This is nothing more than inline math mode in Tex but has additional
% meaning within the browser.
\newcommand{\spad}[1]{${#1}$}

% This is a way to say 8th, 100th, etc.
\newcommand{\eth}[1]{{#1}-th}

% spadcommands are the actual text that you type at the axiom prompt
\newcommand{\spadcommand}[1]%
{\begin{flushleft}{\tt #1}\end{flushleft}\vskip .1cm }

% returnType is the type signature returned by the axiom interpreter
\newcommand{\returnType}[1]%
{\begin{flushright}{\tt #1}\end{flushright}\vskip .1cm}

% The book begins with some introductory material that is not really
% listed as a chapter. This creates a header similar to \chapter.
\newcommand{\pseudoChapter}[1]%
{\vskip .5in \noindent {\Huge{\bf #1}}\vskip .5in}

% The book begins with some introductory material that is not really
% listed as a section. This creates a header similar to \section.
\newcommand{\pseudoSection}[1]%
{\vskip .25in \noindent {\large{\bf #1}}\vskip .25in}

% These are special markers within the text for Hypertex keywords
% They have no particular meaning in the book form.
\newcommand{\spadfun}[1]{{\it #1}}
\newcommand{\spadgloss}[1]{{\it #1}}
\newcommand{\spadkey}[1]{\index{#1 @\begingroup \string\tt{} #1 \endgroup}}

% spadtype records the domain in the index
\newcommand{\spadtype}[1]{{\bf #1}\index{#1 @\begingroup \string\bf{} #1 \endgroup}}

% This is used to create a caption on an included image
\newcommand{\simpleCaption}[1]{\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}\caption{#1}}

% This is the name of the ``glossy'' pages in the physical book.
\newcommand{\Gallery}{\Language{} Images}

% spadofFrom records the operation in the index and the domain in the index
\newcommand{\spadopFrom}[2]{\index{library!operations!#1 @\begingroup \string\tt{} #1 \endgroup}\index{#2}``{\tt #1}''}
\newcommand\AXIOM{\vskip\parindent\indent{\bf AXIOM}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}
\newcommand\maxima{\vskip\parindent\noindent{\bf MAXIMA}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}
\newcommand\yacas{\vskip\parindent\noindent{\bf YACAS}\vskip\parindent\noindent\ignorespaces}
@
\eject
\begin{thebibliography}{99}
\bibitem{1} nothing
\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}